Regarding the evolution models studied in class., we can say that:

1. The Jukes-Cantor model is further refined, it ignores "transitions" less common in nature considering only the "transversions", which are more common mutations.
2. Kimura model is inefficient because it has only two parameters, one for the probability of a mutation occurs, and one for the probability of the position remain unchanged.
3. The Jukes-Cantor model is more refined than the Kimura model because it take into consideration the different mutation rates along the length of the sequence.
4. Kimura model is more refined than the Jukes-Cantor by taking into account the difference that normally exists between the rate of change of type "transversion" and the rate of change of type "transition".
5. NDA

Original idea by: José Augusto Amgarten Quitzau
Translate Help: Leandro José de Bortoli

Which of the following modifications do not need to be made to transform the global alignment algorithm in the local alignment algorithm?

1. Initialize with zero the first column and the first row of the matrix.
2. Stop the reconstruction of a local alignment when it finds an 0 in the matrix.
3. Do not let the matrix values become negative; if the maximum value is negative, should be replaced by 0.
4. Find the highest value of the entire matrix to obtain the similarity and to use as a starting point for reconstruction of an optimal alignment.
5. None of the above.

Original idea by: Filipe Benevides Netto
Translation help by: Leandro José de Bortoli. 

Regarding problem classes, we can say that:

1. NP problems can not be solved in polynomial time.
2. Any NP problem can be reduced in polynomial time to an NP-complete problem. 
3. There is an intersection between the classes P and NP, which does not completely includes none of the two.
4. The classes P and NP  are proven differently.
5. None of the above.

Original idea by: Tiago Rinck Caveden.
Translation help by: Leandro José de Bortoli.

Question 1

Regarding protein synthesis, it is true that:

a) translation is the process of copying genes into mRNAs molecules.
b) exons are the ends codons of a gene.
c) tRNAs carry amino acids to the ribosome.
d) All organisms have the same genetic code.
e) NDA

Author: Leandro José de Bortoli